Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy Dissertation

Literature Review of Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy - Dissertation Example The global economy is confronting with an earning conflict because of excessive managerial remuneration in major enterprises throughout the world. To investigate on the perpetrators of economic recession, the high managerial pay and extreme risk taking activities were cited as prime suspects. Among the two issues, the managerial pay leads to the primary focus and incited many public as well as political outrages. For instance, the insurance major named AIG was nearly shattered because of bad business performance and abundant remuneration scales. It was seen that AIG had paid almost 165 million USD of bonus amount to 400 employees in London. In Wall Street, the bankers gave themselves almost 20 billion USD as bonus in the year 2008 even when the economy was decelerating down. The government also expended huge money to assist the financial institutions. It was alleged that this type of ignorance for the expenditure and the outcomes of the managers’ actions have generated the eco nomic crisis. The ethnicity, customs, spawned managerial remuneration plan with incentive that promote the unnecessary risk taking had given light to the economic crisis. The laws and regulations along with corporate boards were highly criticized for autonomous management of organizations. (Thompson, 2009). Excessive Managerial Remuneration in the USA Several reports stated that excessive managerial remuneration in the USA has taken overwhelming economic levy in American society and intimidated the control in corporate sector, government and nonprofit area and created volatility in the economy. It has been observed that average employees in the USA need to work hard for a whole year to generate one day’s salary of most of the CEOs listed in the Fortune 500’. The gap between the lowest and maximum salary was extending. This salary inequality has endangered the basis of the USA democracy, management, and produced situation for financial instability. According to the repo rt of ‘United for a Fair Economy’ (UFE), the CEOs in the big companies get almost 10.8 million USD as total remuneration, which is 364 times higher compared to the average American employees. The amount excludes the cost of bonuses and stocks and if included the amount will increase to a

Commercial Free Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial Free Speech - Essay Example Emphasis is placed on the problem of spam on the commercial free speech. The argument in relation to the ethical agreement of commercial spam emphasizes upon the moral standard in terms of the freedom of expression among individuals. Globally the freedom of expression among individuals is protected as a result of the benefits that are associated with the application of freedom of expression. Thus, freedom of expression is an important requisite in a liberal democratic state. The freedom of expression entails commercial forms of expression such as the use of spam (Spinello, 2006). Spam should therefore be protected as a commercial free speech. This is attributed to the fact that if the use of such spams are not protected various contents that can be considered as harmful may be consumed by individuals. This protection will therefore entail various forms of restrictions that will ensure that only credible form of information is consumed by the audience. Various countries such as China and United States have engaged in some form of restriction of spam as a commercial free speech in order to take care of such contents such as pornography (Rooksby, 2007). However, there are enough reasons in relation to the fact that commercial expression should not be protected as a form of free speech among individuals. Commercial expressions in its essence do not promote truth as an essential aspect in free speech or freedom of expression. Furthermore, spams are not known to promote the beliefs or opinions of individuals in the freedom of expression. Thus, the use of spam as a commercial expression should not be protection as it does not promote truth in its expression (Rooksby, 2007). Additionally, citizens of any particular state have a right in regards to freedom of expression. This right to liberty therefore guarantees an individual with a right to