The Relationship Between ADHD and Depression

The Relationship Between ADHD and Depression ADHD Diagnosis Print The Relationship Between ADHD and Depression By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 28, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Getty / skaman306 More in ADHD Diagnosis Treatment Symptoms Adult ADD/ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD School Parenting In This Article Table of Contents Expand ADHD Depression Comorbidity Diagnosis Risk Factors Treatment View All Back To Top ADHD and depression are separate disorders but tend to have much overlap. If youve been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression, you might wonder what this means for you in terms of prognosis, treatment, and lifestyle changes you can make to improve your situation. What Is ADHD? Before we start to disentangle the complex relationship between ADHD and depression, its important to understand individually what is involved with each diagnosis. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which means that it is present from childhood and persists throughout your lifetime. People diagnosed with ADHD may exhibit what is called an executive function deficit: they struggle to follow tasks through to completion and easily become disorganized, missing appointments and losing their things. ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood and can be categorized into three different presentations. Inattentive People with inattentive ADHD have difficulty sustaining attention for tasks that they find boring, have trouble organizing their thoughts and following conversations, and may be easily distracted by whats going on around them or their own internal dialogue. Hyperactive-Impulsive People with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD have a constant feeling of being restless, may say things spontaneously without thinking first, and find it hard to stay still (such as sitting in a classroom for lessons). Combination of Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive People with the combined presentation will experience both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. What to Know About ADHD Combined Type What Is Depression? Depression is more than just sadness or a case of the blues. Many people experience recurrent episodes that can last anywhere from weeks to months or longer. Below are the most common symptoms of depression: Feeling sad, hopeless, or emptyBeing irritable, frustrated, or restlessLoss of interest in things you used to like doingHaving trouble concentratingEating too little or too muchHaving trouble falling asleep or waking up through the nightFeeling overly tired or fatigued Depression can make it hard to do everyday tasks like going to work or school, taking care of your personal hygiene, and eating healthy meals. It is also a life-threatening illness when it is severe and leads to suicidal ideation. Overlap of ADHD and Depression How do ADHD and depression overlap? We know that these are comorbid conditions, which means that when you are diagnosed with one, the odds of you also being diagnosed with the other are higher. Below are some facts on the overlap of ADHD and depression: Teens with ADHD are 10 times more likely than their peers without ADHD to develop depressionDepression is three times more prevalent in adults with ADHD compared to adults without ADHD.People diagnosed with depression tend to have rates of ADHD diagnosis of about 30 to 40%.70% of people diagnosed with ADHD may also experience depression in their lifetime. Furthermore, in a study that examined data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, it was found that rates of ADHD were higher among those who had severe depression, chronic depression, early-onset depression, or comorbid anxiety. This suggests a strong relationship between ADHD and depression. With respect to suicidal ideation, a study of 627 undergraduates showed that a diagnosis of ADHD was related to increased suicidal ideation. This relationship was affected by various factors such as management of negative emotions, emotional awareness, and goal-oriented behavior. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Is It ADHD or Depression? Sometimes it can be hard to tell ADHD and depression apart. This is because there are overlapping symptoms, but also because some ADHD medications can cause side effects that mimic depression such as loss of appetite or sleeping difficulties. While both ADHD and depression involve issues related to mood, concentration, and motivation, they do differ. Mood A person with ADHD may experience temporary mood lability all the way back to childhood, while a person with depression tends to have mood episodes, beginning in the teens or later, that last at least weeks or months. Motivation A person with ADHD can be motivated when something feels interesting to them, whereas a person with depression finds everything hard, regardless of whether it is interesting or exciting to them normally when they are not depressed. Sleep A person with ADHD has trouble falling asleep because of an active mind and not feeling tired, while a person with depression may feel tired but unable to sleep due to negative thoughts and insomnia, may wake up through the night, or may sleep too long. Course The symptoms of ADHD are lifelong while major depression symptoms tend to last for a certain period before often improving to a normal level of functioning. Risk Factors for Comorbid ADHD and Depression What are the risk factors for having comorbid ADHD and depression? Below are some of the risk factors that have been identified. Being female: Although ADHD is more common in males, females are more likely to have comorbid ADHD and depression.Inattentive type: Those diagnosed as inattentive type are more likely to also have a diagnosis of depression.Mothers mental health: When a mother has depression during pregnancy, this is linked to a higher likelihood of giving birth to a child who is later diagnosed with ADHD, depression, or both.Early-onset: Being diagnosed with ADHD during childhood is related to an increased risk of depression and suicidal thoughts later in life.Not receiving treatment: People who have untreated ADHD are at higher risk for depression due to secondary issues such as low self esteem. Treatment for Overlapping ADHD and Depression What types of treatment are offered if you have overlapping ADHD and depression? It really depends on your particular situation. In general, the approach is to work on the condition that is most impairing first. While therapy can address both issues at once, often medication is prescribed for one condition and then the other. Medications What medications might you be prescribed? Below is a list of some options you might be given: Stimulants Stimulants such as Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) may be prescribed for ADHD. Stimulants help to increase brain chemicals that improve focus. However, they can have side effects such as loss of appetite or trouble sleeping. Nonstimulants Nonstimulants such as Strattera (atomoxetine) may also be prescribed for ADHD. Antidepressants Antidepressants may be prescribed for depression including Wellbutrin (bupropion), which can also help relieve symptoms of ADHD. Antidepressants can take several weeks before you will know if they are working. Therapy Psychotherapy for ADHD aims at improving focus and building self-esteem, while therapy for depression may target identifying and replacing negative thoughts and behaviors (which may also be helpful for ADHD). In one study of 77 adults with ADHD, those who had received extensive psychotherapyt and were less likely to have ruminative thinking were shown to be more resilient to episodes of depression. The 8 Best Online Therapy Programs Lifestyle Changes What can you do on your own to improve your ADHD and depression? The basics are most important: eat healthy meals, exercise regularly (aerobic exercise is important if you have ADHD), and practice good sleep hygiene. Another good strategy is to prevent yourself from becoming bored if you have ADHD, as this can worsen your mood. One way to accomplish this is to keep an interest closet or another spot in your home where you store activities that you can do when you are feeling bored. Add things like books you want to read, crafts you want to do, etc. so that theres never a time that youre at a loss. 8 Tips for Coping With Depression A Word From Verywell ADHD and depression tend to overlap, so its important to consult your doctor if you believe you may have symptoms of either mental health issue. Both need to be treated swiftly to avoid secondary problems down the road; however, the prognosis is good when you receive help tailored to your individual situation.

Winter Park Hotel - 736 Words

Park Winter Hotel Case Study Embry Riddle Aeronautical University MGMT 524 Abstract This case study will focus on the restructuring of the Park Winter Hotel front desk to reach an optimum level of staff efficiency and guest service. At present, the hotel has five clerks on duty, each with a separate waiting line, during peak check-in time of 3:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. Observation of arrivals during this period shows that an average of 90 guests arrive each hour (although there is no upward limit on the number that could arrive at any given time). It takes an average of 3 minutes for the front-desk clerk to register each guest. Ms. Shader believes the key to reducing her wait time is in one of the three plans she is†¦show more content†¦The other 90-27= 63 /hour distribute themselves in the four remaining slow servers each with = 63/4 = 15.75 per hour, with each of whose mean service time is 3.4 minutes or 0.5667 hours, which means m = 1/0.5667 = 17.65 per hour. The average time in the system for these guests will be 0.53 hours or 31.8 minutes. The average time in the system for these guests in the slow servers is 0.53 hours or 31.6 minutes. The average time for all arrivals would be 0.3 x 20 + 0.7 x 31.8 = 28.3 minutes. cid:image020.jpg@01CF1696.FCA45F90 Quick Server cid:image021.jpg@01CF1696.FCA45F90 Slower Servers A single waiting line for the five clerks yields an M/M/5 model, in this case = 90 per hour, m = 20 per hour. The average time in the system is Ws = 7.6 minutes. cid:image022.jpg@01CF1696.FCA45F90 Single Waiting Line By using an ATM having the same service rate as the clerks, which is 20/hour to 20% of arrivals, which is 18/hour would give the same average time as for these guests in the current system, which is 30 minutes. The remaining = 72 per hour form an M/M/4 or M/M/5 system. With fourShow MoreRelatedWinter Park Hotel Case Study1118 Words   |  5 PagesWinter Park Hotel Donna Shader, Manager of the Winter Park Hotel, is considering how to restructure the front desk to reach an optimum level of staff efficiency and guest service. At present, the hotel has five clerks on duty, each with a separate waiting line, during the peak check-in time of 3:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. Observation of arrivals during this time shows that an average of 90 guests arrive each hour (although there is no upward limit on the number that could arrive at any given time).Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Of Wyoming 1025 Words   |  5 Pagesnorthern part of Wyoming there is a park that holds a long history, both good and bad. Stories of spirits come from the park and one of the stories is centered around one of the hotels in the park. Whispers of a poorly wronged soul who wanders the hotel and while normally a peaceful spirit, she is still capable of violence. Though we will discuss this later. In the frigid Winter, the year of which escapes my knowledge, a young man and few o f his friends stayed at the hotel and left with an experience they’llRead MoreEuro Disney Case Study1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisneyworld in Orlando, Florida were and still are to great success. Tokyo Disney followed with a slow start but quickly became a successful cash cow like the 2 parks in the United States. Disney next projected success was Euro Disney, today it goes by DIsney Paris. Disney was confident and quite optimistic that the 4th Disney theme park, located just over 30 minutes drive from one of the worlds biggest tourist attractions, Paris would be no different. Some would say a little too confident. HoweverRead MoreTour Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesArrival in Harbin Arrival in Harbin, met by our tour guide and transferred to your hotel in Harbin (booked by us). Kindly reminder: you are recommended to book a Harbin-bound flight which arrives before 11:30 am, giving you more time for the afternoon tour.   After lunch, you will start up your afternoon tour by driving further north (about 37km north of Harbin downtown) to see the  Siberian tigers  in the  Northeast Tiger Park. You are arranged to have a close look at the tigers on a moving bus as well asRead MoreTennessee Is One Of The Most Breath Taking States957 Words   |  4 Pagesbudget friendly and free activities to do. With the expenses of traveling in today’s economy, many people are looking for ways to save money. According to Trip Advisor, â€Å"many free activities are related to parks and nature. Cades Cove, Motor Nature trail, Clingmans Dome are some of the many parks that just cost the gas to drive around them.† (Pigeon) There are several different nature trails that you can hike. Some of them lead to beautiful waterfalls, creeks, and swimming holes. 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In recent year, the economics and society are developing. People are getting busier with their work and their life. TheyRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Southwestern Quebec931 Words   |  4 Pages Main Article 1 Meta Title: Things to Do in Southwestern Quebec – Best Western Hotels Meta Desc: Get to know the best of Southwestern Quebec’s cool cultural scene, breathtaking landscapes, vibrant festivals, and fantastic farms. Book your stay today. H1: Discover Natural Wonders Historic Marvels in Southwestern Quebec, Canada Content: Southwestern Quebec is home to some of the most iconic landmarks and spirited events in the country. 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With luxurious rooms, a garden courtyard, a library, free WIFI and a five-star restaurant in the lobby, the needs of guests are readily satisfied. PARAGRAPHS Historic

The Dangers in the Job Professional Journalism in...

Since 1992, the beginning of the many conflicts in Syria, at least 54 reporters have lost their lives, as recently stated by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). In just this year alone, a total of 21 have been killed. However, there is some discrepancy in the exact number of deaths collected by different associations. Reporters Without Borders (RWB) puts the figures more around 120, just in the past 3 years. This is because of the ambiguous characterization of a journalist. Some of the news from Syria is being gathered by citizen journalists, or amateurs. The threat of abduction or even death is discouraging international reporters from entering the country, leaving the work to the local Syrians. So whether it was 54 or 120†¦show more content†¦Examples include the Osama bin Laden raid or the Hudson River plane crash. When a native Pakistani, Sohaib Athar, tweeted his observations of the attack on Osama bin Ladens compound, a discussion sprang up about whether it qualifies as journalism or not. As I see this, the tweets would be considered citizen journalism, where someone happens to be in the right place at the right time. Athar observed something unusual, told others about it, and shared new information as he learned it. As for the plane that landed in the Hudson River, Janis Krums posted one of the first photos of the US Airways Flight 1549 through Twitter as well. He tweeted, Theres a plane in the Hudson. Im on the ferry going to pick up the people. Crazy. Twitter broke the news an entire 15 minutes before any mainstream media got the chance, a window of time that some say is way too long. As good as it might sound, not all 140 characters of a Twitter story should be trusted. Because anyone and everyone can report news, theres always someone out there trying to trick the world into believing the most outrageous things. According to a report by Social Media Today, almost half (49.1%) of online users have heard breaking news via social media that ended up being completely false. An example of this would be some of the many phony tweets about Hurricane Sandy. As the world was trying to find information about the damage Hurricane Sandy caused to the east coast, misinformation spreadShow MoreRelatedMoral Difficulties Involved in War Reporting3407 Words   |  14 Pagesand Utilitarianism to the ethical dilemma†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 8 Conclusion†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 10 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...page 11 Introduction Journalists covering wars and conflicts are faced with numerous ethical dilemmas regarding professional codes of conduct, laws regulating national security and personal commitments to ideals such as the public’s right to know, and acting as the fourth estate (with the first three estates being the executive, legislativeRead MoreThe Rise of Social Media and Its Impact on Mainstream Journalism21031 Words   |  85 PagesWORKING PAPER e rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism: A study of how newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and US are responding to a wave of participatory social media, and a historic shi in control towards individual consumers. Nic Newman September 2009 Contents Executive summary and key conclusions 1. Framing the debate 2. Mainstream media motivations, doubts and dilemmas 2.1 Definitions and motivations 2.2 BBC 2.3 Guardian and Telegraph 2.4 New York TimesRead MoreThe Medias Role in Regional and International Relations with Regards to Development, Transition, and Influence3313 Words   |  14 PagesThe Medias Role in Regional and International Relations with Regards to Development, Transition, and Influence I study Journalism, so I felt that I had an opportunity to solidify the medias role in all facets of regional and international relations, with regards to development, transition, and influence (regional as well as global). I first chose examine Daniel Lerners development continuum, and this as a reference point, to discuss the role mass media plays in globalRead MoreRole of Media in Tourism9761 Words   |  40 Pagesof   media   effects   by   the   new   technologies   on   the   development   of   culture   in   the   African   countries;   and   (4)   to   discuss   appropriate   media   communications   technology   options      for      promoting   sustainable   tourism,   peace   and   conflict   resolution   ,   cultural   competence  and  inter†cultural  communications  in  Africa  .The  presentation  of  the  paper   is   informed   by   the   relevant   theoreti cal   and   conceptual   framework,   reviews   of   national   service   statistics,   relevant   national  Read MoreRole of Media in Pakistan5662 Words   |  23 Pagesand many other reasons, their publication did not continue i.e. Roshni, inqallqb, musalman. English press was not so healthy at the time of independence due to educational under development. Not a single daily newspaper could be published from the area of East Pakistan from 1947 till 1971. The first news agency of Pakistan was associated press of Pakistan (APP). It was established in 1947by an Eastern news trust. It was a private agency from 1947 to 1961. Government took over its control on 5thRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 PagesBusiness and Magazine Journalism (combination of Niche I and II) 1 Growing importance of business journalism, a brief history (2) 2 The structure of financial management in the country starting with the Finance Minister, (5) rest of the bureaucracy, RBI governor, Planning Commission, SEBI, Banking sector 3 The Budget preparation and presentation, factors influencing the annual budget, role of (5) subsidies and foreign exchange reserves 4 Companies, balance sheets, AGMs window dressingRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesmajority of Americans (51 percent) lived in urban areas for the first time. Part 5 covers the accelerating trends that led up to this important shift in American life from the agrarian to the urban. 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Find specific evidence regarding your child s verbal, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence from your observations of your own child asRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesofficial website chicagotribue.com, posts instant news coverage before newspaper hit the newsstands following morning †¢ Many different perspectives on important events and issues †¢ Citizen journalists closer to their subject matter than professional journalists †¢ Better position to uncover unique on-the-ground perspectives Mainstream GOOD: Sheer physical authenticity - reliability †¢ Cost of publishing book acts as a barrier to entry against casual writers †¢ Hardly any oversightRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesmanagers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational

Philippine Traditions The Greatest Heritage Free Essays

The Philippines has vast practices, traditions, and cultures. They existed a hundred years ago or may be thousands but they are still practiced up to now. It is like a legacy which is passed on from generation to generation. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually, it is the old folks who relate these traditions over and over again. On my Grandma’s burial, her valued possessions are also buried in her grave. I asked my Mama why they have to do that and she simply answered, â€Å"So that she can bring it with her as she leaves us†. Well, we all know that a dead person cannot do that. The truth is, those things will only decay in there but to the Filipinos, it has a great significance and we can never question that. Another Filipino heritage which is highly valued in wedding custom is the â€Å"Pamamanhikan†. It is where the would-be groom with his parents goes to the house of the would-be bride to seek the blessing of her parents. It is also in this point when both parties formally set plans for the upcoming wedding. This symbolizes honor and respect to the parents of the couples. There are also certain Filipino habits that foreigners find them overwhelming. For example, when a visitor comes in, the family serves every delicacy and every mouth-watering Filipino cuisine that they can so as to please the visitor. He’ll be attended to the most comfortable room available and all his needs are served with delight and a warm smile. No wonder, Filipinos are known for their hospitality. How to cite Philippine Traditions: The Greatest Heritage, Papers

William Shakespeares Hamlet And Sophocles Oedipus The King Essays

William Shakespeare's Hamlet And Sophocles' Oedipus The King For this paper I have decided to include information about both readings we have covered. We read William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sophocles' Oedipus the King. Through reading both stories and by doing outside research I learned something interesting. This was that a Freudian theory was named for a few of the scenes in Oedipus the King and that this theory was also connected to Hamlet. This theory is known as the Oedipus Complex and when explained can provide a lot of insight into the interpretation of these plays. Its actual definition can be found in psychology books and even most encyclopedia. It is a concept used in psychoanalysis that shows a child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sex and the unconscious wish for that parent's death (Oedipus Complex). Freud talks of the complex in boys and how this leads to attachment to the mother. In most cases it is explained using a boy for the example. (It is also explained for females, as a related complex known as Electra, Myers 464-65 and in Clark 168.) The child starts off as an infant being fed by the mothers' breast or even by bottle, but either way the mother assumes the role of nourishing the child. She also cares for the child's body, so much that in early life the child doesn't even realize that they are or should be separate. With this, Freud says, it arouses in it a number of other physical sensations, pleasurable and unpleasurable. By her care of the child's body she becomes its first seducer. The mother has now established her importance to the child and is its first love object. The further development of a child (positive or negative) can depend highly on how the parent and child interact after this point. The most commonly used example I saw in Psychology books talks of when a mother notices her child curiously playing with himself. The mother realizes her connection to these actions and eventually, there will be an age at which the mother decides that it is unacceptable behavior. This can lead to the mother requesting that the behavior stop. The child now is forced to conceal his behavior or in a lot of cases is threatened with being told on or talked to by the father. This was shown by Freud to lead to issues of resentment towards the father. This is closely linked to how the term Oedipus Complex came about. In Oedipus the King Jocasta, Oedipus' mother, realizes what is going to happen to her family after hearing what the oracle had to say. She is told her newborn son will grow to kill his father and marry his mother. She doesn't want the child she has cared for to have to live this prophecy so she sends her son away to die. By trying to escape her own fate she later leads her son right into killing his own father. Oedipus grows up living a lie, the son to the King and Queen of nearby Corinth. He is ignorant to what was foretold. One day a drunkard gets him to question his origins and he travels to Thebes to see what he can find out about what really happened and whether or not the people he was raised by were actually his parents. On the road to Thebes, a man confronts Oedipus and he kills him without a second thought. In his ignorance he had just killed the man who turned out to be his real father, Laios. In effect, Oedipus unconsciously kills his own father, which Freud related to the unconscious desires felt by children throughout their normal early development. As the plot goes on we see what the oracle said coming true. Oedipus ends up in Thebes to find a widowed queen. Being of royalty himself Oedipus marries the queen not knowing it was his own mother. Not only has fate itself brought them back together but also, if you look at it through Freud's theory you see it is true once again. Oedipus' unconscio us desire

Evidence of Transformation

Evidence of Transformation The declaration of Ka’bah and its surrounding as ‘forbidden’, attracted traders as the Qurayshite formed an oligarchy that extended its forbidden status geographically and made the region economically strong. The Queayshites established a socio religious center within the ‘forbidden’ region where Allah reigned supreme.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence of Transformation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The centralization led to a selective observance of law according to kinship, attracting Arab tribesmen who wanted such privileges (Farah 32). Allah became the equalizing force among the different tribes. However, merchants took over the control of political power from clans, and class brought division between the inner Quraysh and the outer Quraysh. The message brought by Muhammad would bring back this unity (Farah 34). â€Å"But the organization of power among the aristocracy of Quraysh was not complete because their council of oligarchs lacked legislative force and the means to execute decisions without having to resorting to traditional methods. In a society now organizes around functional classes rather than tribal membership, the threat of a blood feud or a protracted vendetta was no longer an effective weapon of social restraint when friction developed within the society†. (Farah 33-34) The above quote makes a critical point in providing the evidence of transformation. It concludes the description of the existing social order in Quraysh before Muhammad (Farah 31). In addition, it offers a narration of the imperfections that existed within the system, which made it inefficient and in need of a solution to the growing injustices. The aristocracy of Quraysh became powerful by forming pacts that quashed clan affiliation in favor of kinship and trade interests. During this time, the socio religious function of Allah as the guarantor of rights outsi de family and tribal members increased (Farah 32). The prominence of Allah helped the Makhzum and Umayya clans to occupy the inner city (Farah 33). However, economic ambitions came before religion and social order, thus the region’s legislation failed to develop at the same rate of its trade and industry development. The traditional methods of the legislature served the region, but did not match the transformed need of the society, which had moved from a classification of tribal affiliation into a classification of economic classes.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second sentence in the above quote informs the reader of the preexisting socio religious condition that was full of injustices before the arrival of Muhammad. Without the imperfections, it would be difficult for the transformation to occur. Alternatively, if a transformation took place with rela tively perfect conditions, then its impact would be negligible. The annihilation of tribal affiliations was a major factor contributing to the co-existence of dissimilar tribes in the Quraysh. Moreover, the declaration and extension of the ‘forbidden’ status of Ka’bah laid a foundation for the assembly of different tribes and their subsequent transformation into the Quraysh. The cohesion allowed the ruling oligarchy to perpetuate social practices such as wage payment for economic reasons. This created a new societal division of the inner Quraysh and their clients and slaves who were on the receiving end of the punitive measures. Muhammad belonged to the outer Quraysh and therefore, identified better with the oppressed (Farah 33). This affiliation would be important for his message to gain prominence. The last part of the quote above is symbolical. Just as the organization around functional classes negated the need for a blood feud, Muhammad would not require the help of the existing political power to spread his message. The fermented state of Mecca already made his message appealing (Farah 34). Farah, Caesar. Islam Beliefs and Observances. Virginia: Barrons Educaton Series, 1970. Print.

Battle of Megiddo - World War I - Palestine

Battle of Megiddo - World War I - Palestine The Battle of Megiddo was fought September 19 to October 1, 1918, during World War I (1914-1918) and was a decisive Allied victory in Palestine. After holding at Romani in August 1916, British Egyptian Expeditionary Force troops began advancing across the Sinai Peninsula. Winning minor victories at Magdhaba and Rafa, their campaign was finally halted in front of Gaza by Ottoman forces in March 1917 when General Sir Archibald Murray was unable to breakthrough the Ottoman lines. After a second attempt against the city failed, Murray was relieved and command of the EEF passed to General Sir Edmund Allenby. A veteran of the fighting on the Western Front, including Ypres and the Somme, Allenby renewed the Allied offensive in late October and shattered the enemy defenses at the Third Battle of Gaza. Rapidly advancing, he entered Jerusalem in December. Though Allenby intended to crush the Ottomans in the spring of 1918, he was quickly forced on the defensive when the bulk of his troops were reassigned to aid in defeating the German Spring Offensives on the Western Front. Holding along a line running from the Mediterranean east to the Jordan River, Allenby kept pressure on the enemy by mounting large-scale raids across the river and supporting the Arab Northern Armys operations. Guided by Emir Faisal and Major T.E. Lawrence, Arab forces ranged to east where they blockaded Maan and attacked the Hejaz Railway. Armies Commanders Allies General Sir Edmund Allenby57,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry, 540 guns Ottomans General Otto Liman von Sanders32,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 402 guns Allenby Plan As the situation on in Europe stabilized that summer, he began to receive reinforcements. Refilling his ranks with largely Indian divisions, Allenby began preparations for a new offensive. Placing Lieutenant General Edward Bulfins XXI Corps on the left along the coast, he intended for these troops to attack on an 8-mile front and break through the Ottoman lines. This done, Lieutenant General Harry Chauvels Desert Mounted Corps would press through the gap. Surging forward, the corps was to secure passes near Mount Carmel before entering the Jezreel Valley and capturing the communication centers at Al-Afuleh and Beisan. With this done, the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies would be forced to retreat east across the Jordan Valley. To prevent such a withdrawal, Allenby intended for Lieutenant General Philip Chetwodes XX Corps to advance on XXI Corps right to block the passes in the valley. Commencing their attack a day earlier, it was hoped that XX Corps efforts would draw Ottoman troops east and away from XXI Corps line of advance. Striking through the Judean Hills, Chetwode was to establish a line from Nablus to the crossing at Jis ed Damieh. As a final objective, XX Corps was also tasked with securing the Ottoman Seventh Army headquarters in Nablus.   Deception In an effort to increase the chances of success, Allenby began employing a wide variety of deception tactics designed to convince the enemy that the main blow would fall in the Jordan Valley. These included the Anzac Mounted Division simulating the movements of an entire corps as well as limiting all westbound troop movements to after sunset. Deception efforts were aided by the fact that the Royal Air Force and Australian Flying Corps enjoyed air superiority and could prevent aerial observation of Allied troop movements. Additionally,   Lawrence and the Arabs supplemented these initiatives by cutting railways to the east as well as mounting attacks around Deraa. The Ottomans The Ottoman defense of Palestine fell to the Yildirim Army Group. Supported by a cadre of German officers and troops, this force was led by General Erich von Falkenhayn until March 1918. In the wake of several defeats and due his willingness to exchange territory for enemy casualties, he was replaced with General Otto Liman von Sanders. Having had success in earlier campaigns, such as Gallipoli, von Sanders believed that further retreats would fatally damage the Ottoman Armys morale and would encourage revolts among the populace. Assuming command, von Sanders placed Jevad Pashas Eighth Army along the coast with its line running inland to the Judean Hills. Mustafa Kemal Pashas Seventh Army held a position from the Judean Hills east to the Jordan River. While these two held the line, Mersinli Djemal Pashas Fourth Army was assigned to the east around Amman. Short on men and unsure of where the Allied attack would come, von Sanders was forced to defend the entire front (Map). As a result, his entire reserve consisted of two German regiments and a pair of under-strength cavalry divisions. Allenby Strikes Commencing preliminary operations, the RAF bombed Deraa on September 16 and Arab forces attacked the around town the next day. These actions led von Sanders to send Al-Afulehs garrison to Deraas aid. To the west, the 53rd Division of Chetwodes corps also made some minor attacks in the hills above the Jordan. These were intended to gain positions that could command the road network behind the Ottoman lines. Shortly after midnight on September 19, Allenby began his main effort. Around 1:00 AM, the RAFs Palestine Brigades single Handley Page O/400 bomber struck the Ottoman headquarters at Al-Afuleh, knocking out its telephone exchange and badly disrupting communications with the front for the next two days. At 4:30 AM, British artillery commenced a brief preparatory bombardment which lasted around fifteen to twenty minutes. When the guns fell silent, XXI Corps infantry surged forward against the Ottoman lines. Breakthrough Quickly overwhelming the stretched Ottomans, the British made swift gains. Along the coast, the 60th Division advanced over four miles in two and a half hours. Having opened a hole in von Sanders front, Allenby pushed the Desert Mounted Corps through the gap while XXI Corps continued to advance and widen the breach. As the Ottomans lacked reserves, the Desert Mounted Corps rapidly advanced against light resistance and reached all of its objectives. The attacks of September 19 effectively broke the Eighth Army and Jevad Pasha fled. By the night of September 19/20, the Desert Mounted Corps had secured the passes around Mount Carmel and were advancing onto the plain beyond. Pushing forward, British forces secured Al-Afuleh and Beisan later in the day and came close to capturing von Sanders at his Nazareth headquarters. Allied Victory With Eighth Army destroyed as a fighting force, Mustafa Kemal Pasha found his Seventh Army in a dangerous position. Though his troops had slowed Chetwodes advance, his flank had been turned and he lacked sufficient men to fight the British on two fronts. As British forces had captured the railway line north to Tul Keram, Kemal was compelled to retreat east from Nablus through the Wadi Fara and into the Jordan Valley. Pulling out on the night of September 20/21, his rearguard was able to delay Chetwodes forces. During the day, the RAF spotted Kemals column as it passed through a gorge to the east of Nablus. Relentlessly attacking, the British aircraft struck with bombs and machine guns. This aerial assault disabled many of the Ottoman vehicles and blocked the gorge to traffic. With aircraft attacking every three minutes, the survivors of the Seventh Army abandoned their equipment and began to flee across the hills. Pressing his advantage, Allenby drove his forces forward and began to capture large numbers of enemy troops in the Jezreel Valley. Amman To the east, the Ottoman Fourth Army, now isolated, began an increasingly disorganized retreat north from Amman. Moving out on September 22, it was attacked by RAF aircraft and Arab forces. In an effort to halt the rout, von Sanders attempted to form a defensive line along the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers but was dispersed by British cavalry on September 26. That same day, the Anzac Mounted Division captured Amman. Two days later, the Ottoman garrison from Maan, having been cut off, surrendered intact to the Anzac Mounted Division. Aftermath Working in conjunction with Arab forces, Allenbys troops won several minor actions as they closed on Damascus. The city fell to the Arabs on October 1. Along the coast, British forces captured Beirut seven days later. Meeting light to no resistance, Allenby directed his units north and Aleppo fell to the 5th Mounted Division and the Arabs on October 25. With their forces in complete disarray, the Ottomans made peace on October 30 when they signed the Armistice of Mudros. In the fighting during the Battle of Megiddo, Allenby lost 782 killed, 4,179 wounded, and 382 missing. Ottoman losses are not known with certainty, however over 25,000 were captured and less than 10,000 escaped during the retreat north. One of the best planned and implemented battles of World War I, Megiddo was one of the few decisive engagements fought during the war. Ennobled after the war, Allenby took the name of the battle for his title and became First Viscount Allenby of Megiddo.